UK government invests to commercialise graphene

Super material could replace silicon as a semiconductor in modern technology

The UK government has announced plans to invest £21.5 million (€26.5 million) to commercialise the "super material" graphene, which many regard as the natural successor to silicon as a semiconductor in modern technology.

Graphene is one of the thinnest, lightest, strongest and most conductive materials known to man, consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure. Its versatility means that it can potentially support a wide variety of applications in electronics, energy generation and telecommunications.

On 5 October 2010, the Nobel Prize in Physics for the year was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov from the University of Manchester for the development of graphene, which was described as one of the world’s most groundbreaking scientific achievements.

 

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In 2011, IBM researchers build the first graphene-based integrated circuit, able to operate at frequencies of up to 10GHz, or 10 billion cycles per second. Today’s silicon-based circuits can only scale to about 4GHz.

Experiments with graphene have revealed a multitude of other potential uses, including accelerating future high-speed Internet, manufacturing fast-charging batteries and improving the speed and density of printable electronics.

The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) has now identified what it regards to be the most promising research projects at Britain’s universities to benefit from the new government funding.

The University of Cambridge has been awarded over £12 million (€14.8 million) for research into graphene flexible electronics and optoelectronics, which could include things like touchscreens and other display devices.

London’s Imperial College will receive over £4.5 million (€5.5 million) to investigate aerospace applications of graphene, working with a number of industrial partners including Airbus.

The other successful projects are based at Durham University, the University of Manchester, the University of Exeter and Royal Holloway. The universities will be working with industrial partners such as Nokia, BAE Systems, Procter & Gamble, Qinetiq, Rolls-Royce, Dyson, Sharp and Philips Research, which together will bring a further £12 million to the table.

"The Government moved quickly and decisively to make sure this Nobel Prize winning technology invented here in the UK, was also developed here. It’s exactly what our commitment to science and a proactive industrial strategy is all about – and we’ve beat off strong global competition," said Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne,

IDG News Service

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'string') { return '+1 000 000 0000'; // Default US placeholder } var mockPlaceholders = [ { countryCode: 'US', placeholder: '+1 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the US country code +1 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'GB', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the GB country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'CA', placeholder: '+1 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the CA country code +1 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'AU', placeholder: '+61 000 000 000', helpText: 'Include the AU country code +61 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'DE', placeholder: '+49 000 0000000', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die DE-Ländervorwahl +49 ein', }, { countryCode: 'FR', placeholder: '+33 0 00 00 00 00', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays FR +33 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'ES', placeholder: '+34 000 000 000', helpText: 'Incluya el código de país ES +34 antes del número de teléfono', }, { countryCode: 'NL', placeholder: '+31 0 00000000', helpText: 'Voeg de NL-landcode +31 toe vóór het telefoonnummer', }, { countryCode: 'BE', placeholder: '+32 000 00 00 00', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays BE +32 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'CH', placeholder: '+41 00 000 00 00', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die CH-Ländervorwahl +41 ein', }, { countryCode: 'AT', placeholder: '+43 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die AT-Ländervorwahl +43 ein', }, { countryCode: 'IE', placeholder: '+353 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the IE country code +353 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'IT', placeholder: '+39 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Includere il prefisso internazionale IT +39 prima del numero di telefono', }, { countryCode: 'NO', placeholder: '+47 000 00 000', helpText: 'Inkluder NO landskode +47 før telefonnummeret', }, { countryCode: 'SE', placeholder: '+46 00 000 00 00', helpText: 'Inkludera SE landskod +46 före telefonnumret', }, { countryCode: 'DK', placeholder: '+45 00 00 00 00', helpText: 'Inkluder DK landekode +45 før telefonnummeret', }, { countryCode: 'FI', placeholder: '+358 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Sisällytä FI-maakoodi +358 ennen puhelinnumeroa', }, { countryCode: 'EE', placeholder: '+372 0000 0000', helpText: 'Lisage EE riigikood +372 telefoninumbri ette', }, { countryCode: 'PL', placeholder: '+48 000 000 000', helpText: 'Podaj numer kierunkowy PL +48 przed numerem telefonu', }, { countryCode: 'SK', placeholder: '+421 000 000 000', helpText: 'Pred telefónne číslo uveďte kód krajiny SK +421', }, { countryCode: 'LV', placeholder: '+371 0000 0000', helpText: 'Iekļaujiet LV valsts kodu +371 pirms tālruņa numura', }, { countryCode: 'LT', placeholder: '+370 0000 0000', helpText: 'Įtraukite LT šalies kodą +370 prieš telefono numerį', }, { countryCode: 'GR', placeholder: '+30 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Συμπεριλάβετε τον κωδικό χώρας GR +30 πριν από τον αριθμό τηλεφώνου', }, { countryCode: 'PT', placeholder: '+351 000 000 000', helpText: 'Inclua o código de país PT +351 antes do número de telefone', }, { countryCode: 'HR', placeholder: '+385 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Uključite HR pozivni broj države +385 prije telefonskog broja', }, { countryCode: 'SI', placeholder: '+386 00 000 000', helpText: 'Vključite SI kodo države +386 pred telefonsko številko', }, { countryCode: 'IS', placeholder: '+354 000 0000', helpText: 'Láttu IS landsnúmer +354 fylgja á undan símanúmerinu', }, { countryCode: 'LU', placeholder: '+352 000 000 000', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays LU +352 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'MC', placeholder: '+377 00 00 00 00', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays MC +377 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'AD', placeholder: '+376 000 000', helpText: 'Incloeu el codi de país AD +376 abans del número de telèfon', }, { countryCode: 'JE', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the JE country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'IM', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the IM country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'GG', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the GG country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'AL', placeholder: '+355 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Përfshini kodin e vendit AL +355 para numrit të telefonit', }, { countryCode: 'SM', placeholder: '+378 0000 000000', helpText: 'Includere il prefisso internazionale SM +378 prima del numero di telefono', }, { countryCode: 'FO', placeholder: '+298 000000', helpText: 'Inkluder FO landekode +298 før telefonnummeret', }, { countryCode: 'MT', placeholder: '+356 0000 0000', helpText: 'Include the MT country code +356 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'LI', placeholder: '+423 000 0000', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die LI-Ländervorwahl +423 ein', }, { countryCode: 'GI', placeholder: '+350 000 00000', helpText: 'Include the GI country code +350 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'MD', placeholder: '+373 00 000 000', helpText: 'Includeți codul de țară MD +373 înaintea numărului de telefon', }, { countryCode: 'HU', placeholder: '+36 00 000 0000', helpText: 'A telefonszám előtt adja meg a HU országkódot +36', }, { countryCode: 'NZ', placeholder: '+64 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the NZ country code +64 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'ME', placeholder: '+382 00 000 000', helpText: 'Uključite ME pozivni broj države +382 prije telefonskog broja', }, ]; const selectedPlaceholder = mockPlaceholders.find(function(item) { return item && item.countryCode === countryCode; }); return selectedPlaceholder ? selectedPlaceholder.placeholder : mockPlaceholders[0].placeholder; } function updatePlaceholder(countryCode, fieldName) { if (!countryCode || !fieldName) { return; } const phoneInput = document.querySelector('#mce-' + fieldName); if (!phoneInput) { return; } const placeholder = getDefaultPlaceholder(countryCode); if (placeholder) { phoneInput.placeholder = placeholder; } } function updateCountryCodeInstruction(countryCode, fieldName) { updatePlaceholder(countryCode, fieldName); } function getDefaultHelpText(countryCode) { var mockPlaceholders = [ { countryCode: 'US', placeholder: '+1 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the US country code +1 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'GB', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the GB country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'CA', placeholder: '+1 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the CA country code +1 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'AU', placeholder: '+61 000 000 000', helpText: 'Include the AU country code +61 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'DE', placeholder: '+49 000 0000000', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die DE-Ländervorwahl +49 ein', }, { countryCode: 'FR', placeholder: '+33 0 00 00 00 00', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays FR +33 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'ES', placeholder: '+34 000 000 000', helpText: 'Incluya el código de país ES +34 antes del número de teléfono', }, { countryCode: 'NL', placeholder: '+31 0 00000000', helpText: 'Voeg de NL-landcode +31 toe vóór het telefoonnummer', }, { countryCode: 'BE', placeholder: '+32 000 00 00 00', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays BE +32 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'CH', placeholder: '+41 00 000 00 00', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die CH-Ländervorwahl +41 ein', }, { countryCode: 'AT', placeholder: '+43 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die AT-Ländervorwahl +43 ein', }, { countryCode: 'IE', placeholder: '+353 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the IE country code +353 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'IT', placeholder: '+39 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Includere il prefisso internazionale IT +39 prima del numero di telefono', }, { countryCode: 'NO', placeholder: '+47 000 00 000', helpText: 'Inkluder NO landskode +47 før telefonnummeret', }, { countryCode: 'SE', placeholder: '+46 00 000 00 00', helpText: 'Inkludera SE landskod +46 före telefonnumret', }, { countryCode: 'DK', placeholder: '+45 00 00 00 00', helpText: 'Inkluder DK landekode +45 før telefonnummeret', }, { countryCode: 'FI', placeholder: '+358 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Sisällytä FI-maakoodi +358 ennen puhelinnumeroa', }, { countryCode: 'EE', placeholder: '+372 0000 0000', helpText: 'Lisage EE riigikood +372 telefoninumbri ette', }, { countryCode: 'PL', placeholder: '+48 000 000 000', helpText: 'Podaj numer kierunkowy PL +48 przed numerem telefonu', }, { countryCode: 'SK', placeholder: '+421 000 000 000', helpText: 'Pred telefónne číslo uveďte kód krajiny SK +421', }, { countryCode: 'LV', placeholder: '+371 0000 0000', helpText: 'Iekļaujiet LV valsts kodu +371 pirms tālruņa numura', }, { countryCode: 'LT', placeholder: '+370 0000 0000', helpText: 'Įtraukite LT šalies kodą +370 prieš telefono numerį', }, { countryCode: 'GR', placeholder: '+30 000 000 0000', helpText: 'Συμπεριλάβετε τον κωδικό χώρας GR +30 πριν από τον αριθμό τηλεφώνου', }, { countryCode: 'PT', placeholder: '+351 000 000 000', helpText: 'Inclua o código de país PT +351 antes do número de telefone', }, { countryCode: 'HR', placeholder: '+385 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Uključite HR pozivni broj države +385 prije telefonskog broja', }, { countryCode: 'SI', placeholder: '+386 00 000 000', helpText: 'Vključite SI kodo države +386 pred telefonsko številko', }, { countryCode: 'IS', placeholder: '+354 000 0000', helpText: 'Láttu IS landsnúmer +354 fylgja á undan símanúmerinu', }, { countryCode: 'LU', placeholder: '+352 000 000 000', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays LU +352 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'MC', placeholder: '+377 00 00 00 00', helpText: 'Incluez le code pays MC +377 avant le numéro de téléphone', }, { countryCode: 'AD', placeholder: '+376 000 000', helpText: 'Incloeu el codi de país AD +376 abans del número de telèfon', }, { countryCode: 'JE', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the JE country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'IM', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the IM country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'GG', placeholder: '+44 0000 000000', helpText: 'Include the GG country code +44 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'AL', placeholder: '+355 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Përfshini kodin e vendit AL +355 para numrit të telefonit', }, { countryCode: 'SM', placeholder: '+378 0000 000000', helpText: 'Includere il prefisso internazionale SM +378 prima del numero di telefono', }, { countryCode: 'FO', placeholder: '+298 000000', helpText: 'Inkluder FO landekode +298 før telefonnummeret', }, { countryCode: 'MT', placeholder: '+356 0000 0000', helpText: 'Include the MT country code +356 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'LI', placeholder: '+423 000 0000', helpText: 'Fügen Sie vor der Telefonnummer die LI-Ländervorwahl +423 ein', }, { countryCode: 'GI', placeholder: '+350 000 00000', helpText: 'Include the GI country code +350 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'MD', placeholder: '+373 00 000 000', helpText: 'Includeți codul de țară MD +373 înaintea numărului de telefon', }, { countryCode: 'HU', placeholder: '+36 00 000 0000', helpText: 'A telefonszám előtt adja meg a HU országkódot +36', }, { countryCode: 'NZ', placeholder: '+64 00 000 0000', helpText: 'Include the NZ country code +64 before the phone number', }, { countryCode: 'ME', placeholder: '+382 00 000 000', helpText: 'Uključite ME pozivni broj države +382 prije telefonskog broja', }, ]; if (!countryCode || typeof countryCode !== 'string') { return mockPlaceholders[0].helpText; } const selectedHelpText = mockPlaceholders.find(function(item) { return item && item.countryCode === countryCode; }); return selectedHelpText ? selectedHelpText.helpText : mockPlaceholders[0].helpText; } function setDefaultHelpText(countryCode) { const helpTextSpan = 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: false; var shouldAppendCountryCode = smsNotRequiredRemoveCountryCodeEnabled ? isRequired : true; var phoneInput = document.querySelector('#mce-' + fieldName); if (phoneInput && defaultProgram.countryCallingCode && shouldAppendCountryCode) { phoneInput.value = defaultProgram.countryCallingCode; } displayFlag?.addEventListener('click', function(e) { dropdown.focus(); }); dropdown?.addEventListener('change', function() { const selectedCountry = this.value; if (!selectedCountry || typeof selectedCountry !== 'string') { return; } const flagSpan = displayFlag?.querySelector('#flag-emoji-' + fieldName); if (flagSpan) { flagSpan.textContent = getCountryUnicodeFlag(selectedCountry); flagSpan.setAttribute('aria-label', sanitizeHtml(selectedCountry) + ' flag'); } const selectedProgram = window.MC?.smsPhoneData?.programs.find(function(program) { return program && program.countryCode === selectedCountry; }); var smsNotRequiredRemoveCountryCodeEnabled = true; var smsField = Object.values({"EMAIL":{"name":"EMAIL","label":"Email Address","helper_text":"","type":"email","required":true,"audience_field_name":"Email Address","merge_id":0,"help_text_enabled":false,"enabled":true,"order":0,"field_type":"merge"},"FNAME":{"name":"FNAME","label":"First Name","helper_text":"","type":"text","required":false,"audience_field_name":"First Name","enabled":false,"order":null,"field_type":"merge","merge_id":1},"MMERGE2":{"name":"MMERGE2","label":"Second Name","helper_text":"","type":"text","required":false,"audience_field_name":"Second Name","enabled":false,"order":null,"field_type":"merge","merge_id":2},"MMERGE3":{"name":"MMERGE3","label":"Company Name","helper_text":"","type":"text","required":false,"audience_field_name":"Company Name","enabled":false,"order":null,"field_type":"merge","merge_id":3},"MMERGE4":{"name":"MMERGE4","label":"Job Title","helper_text":"","type":"text","required":false,"audience_field_name":"Job Title","enabled":false,"order":null,"field_type":"merge","merge_id":4},"SIGNUP":{"name":"SIGNUP","label":"Signup form location","helper_text":"","type":"text","required":false,"audience_field_name":"Signup form location","enabled":false,"order":null,"field_type":"merge","merge_id":5},"MMERGE6":{"name":"MMERGE6","label":"Image URL","helper_text":"","type":"imageurl","required":false,"audience_field_name":"Image URL","enabled":false,"order":null,"field_type":"merge","merge_id":6}}).find(function(f) { return f.name === fieldName && f.type === 'smsphone'; }); var isRequired = smsField ? smsField.required : false; var shouldAppendCountryCode = smsNotRequiredRemoveCountryCodeEnabled ? isRequired : true; var phoneInput = document.querySelector('#mce-' + fieldName); if (phoneInput && selectedProgram.countryCallingCode && shouldAppendCountryCode) { phoneInput.value = selectedProgram.countryCallingCode; } updateSmsLegalText(selectedCountry, fieldName); updatePlaceholder(selectedCountry, fieldName); updateCountryCodeInstruction(selectedCountry, fieldName); }); } document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { const smsPhoneFields = document.querySelectorAll('[id^="country-select-"]'); smsPhoneFields.forEach(function(dropdown) { const fieldName = dropdown?.id.replace('country-select-', ''); initializeSmsPhoneDropdown(fieldName); }); });

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